Parts of Speech
- Czech Language Hp
Adjectives
Adverbs
Verbs
přídavné jméno - adjective
The adjective qualifies, describes, or limits the noun to which it belongs.
Example
dubový stůl
bratrův přítel
pilný student
jarní den
Adjectives are formed from:
- Nouns
- pýcha - pride
- pyšný - proud
- hrdina - hero
- hrdinný - heroic
- Verbs
- hrát - to play
- hravý - playful
- vidět - to see
- viditelný - visible
- pracovat - to work
- pracující - working
- Other adjectives
Adjectives may denote origin or material.
Suffixes
The suffixes -ejší and ější are adjective endings
rychlejší, pravidelnější, zdravější
For adjectives ending in -ký, eký, oký, the endings are dropped and ší is added to the stem so that s and z become š and ž, so:
siroký - širší
blízký - bližší
and the suffix čí is added in a small group of adjectives so:
leh-ký - lehčí
hezký - hezčí
nekký - měkčí
Adjectives may denote various relations of place.
Example
- zdejší - [ local, in this place, home ]
- mořský - [ sea, marine, naval]
- denní - [(from den) daily, day by day]
- noční - [ night-....; overnight; midnight]
- zimn - [winter; (studený) wintry]
- večerní - [ evening;]
An adjective may be used in two ways:
1. Attributively/closely linked with the noun it qualifies.
Example
- krásná zahrada
- zdravý člověk
2. As part of the predicate verb
Example
- ta zahrada je krásná
- ten človek je zdráv
In the attributive use, the adjective has hard, long form:
- krásn-ý
- krásn-á (fem.)
- krásn-é (neut.) or 'soft' ending for all three genders, such as in jarní, letní, etc.
Adverbs - Příslovce
Adverbs express quantative, qualitative, relational, or circumstantial determinations, such as notions of place, time, manner, cause, result, or purpose
Some adverbs are used to modify the sentence as a whole and not any certain word, like snad - perhaps; ovšem - of course.
Adverbs are simple, relative ("connective") or interrogative. They are derived from other parts of speech - nons, adjectives, pronouns, or verbs.
examples:
dům - doma (at home, in the house), domů (home)
důl - dole, dolů (downstairs)
veselý (merry) - vesele (merrily)
dlouhý - dlouho (for a long time)
česky - česky; anglický - anglicky
kdo (who)
kde (where)
zde (here)
všude (everywhere - place)
kdy (when)
tehdy (at that time)
vždy (always) - time
jak (how)
tak (so)
nějak (somehow)
nijak (in no way)- manner
mluvit česky
polsky
nemecky
anglicky
čínsky atd.
* * * * * * * * * *
Suffixes
The suffix -eji and -ěji are the adverb endings:
Note: the suffixes -ejší and ější are adjective endings
* * * * * * * * * *
Compound adverbs are adverbs formed by combining a preposition with a dedlinable word in its particular case.
Example:
docela (completely) - do plus cela (a whole)
potom (afterwards) - no plus tom (loc. of to)
Here are some adverbs derived from adjectives:
rychlý (quick) - rychle (quickly)
teplý (warm)- teple (warmly)
krásný (beautiful) - krásné (beautifully)
Grammar
An adverb stands in the same relation to a verb as an adjective to a noun.
The Pronoun Zájmeno
In Czech , there are seven types of pronouns:
1. Personal [Personal pronouns - Osobní zájmena]- já, ty, on, ona, oni, ony, my, and vy.
2. Possessive - můj, tvůj, jeho, její, náš, váš, etc.
3. Demonstrative - ten, ta,to, tento, tato, onen, ona,
4. Interrogative - kdo? co? který? jaký? čí?
5. Relative
6. Indefinite
7. Negative
The Verb - Sloveso
Verbs are also
1. durative: jím, čtu, nesu (I am eating, etc.)
2. iterative: jídam, čítám, nosím (I often eat, etc.)
3. frequentative: jídávám, čítávám, nosívám (I am in the habit of . . .)
Some prefixes change the meaning of the original verb.
dělat - predělat - to alter or change
psat - - zapsat - to write down, enter
platit - podplatit - to bribe
jet - ujet - to abscond, make off
* * * * * * * * *
Some verbs may take on two prefixes:
z-pře-vracet - to completely turn over everywhere
po-po-sednout - to move over while sitting
There are two negative participles in Czech:
1. ne - nemluvim, dedelam, etc.
2. ni - nikdo, nic, nijaky
Two negatives do not make an affirmative:
nedělim nic
neznám nikdo
nidko nidky
nic neví
Ani - is used for také in emphatic negative: ani on to nevi
* Aniž - is used as a conjunction:
* Odjel, aniž se rozloučil - He left without saying goodbye.
- - - - Czech Language Hp